1. Barker ED, Oliver BR, Viding E, Salekin RT, Maughan B. The impact of prenatal maternal risk, fearless temperament and early parenting on adolescent callous-unemotional traits: a 14–year longitudinal investigation: callous-unemotional traits and conduct problems. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2011;52(8):878–88. [
DOI]
2. Hobel CJ, Goldstein A, Barrett ES. Psychosocial stress and pregnancy outcome. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2008;51(2):333–48. [
DOI]
3. Bergman K, Sarkar P, O’Connor TG, Modi N, Glover V. Maternal stress during pregnancy predicts cognitive ability and fearfulness in infancy. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46(11):1454–63. [
DOI]
4. Patel V, Prince M. Maternal psychological morbidity and low birth weight in India. Br J Psychiatry. 2006;188(3):284–5. [
DOI]
5. Pearson RM, Evans J, Kounali D, Lewis G, Heron J, Ramchandani PG, et al. Maternal depression during pregnancy and the postnatal period: risks and possible mechanisms for offspring depression at age 18 years. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013;70(12):1312–19. [
DOI]
6. Hemmi MH, Wolke D, Schneider S. Associations between problems with crying, sleeping and/or feeding in infancy and long-term behavioural outcomes in childhood: a meta–analysis. Arch Dis Child. 2011;96(7):622–9. [
DOI]
7. Rothbart MK. Measurement of temperament in infancy. Child Dev. 1981;52(2):569–78. [
DOI]
8. Zhang W, Rajendran K, Ham J, Finik J, Buthmann J, Davey K, et al. Prenatal exposure to disaster-related traumatic stress and developmental trajectories of temperament in early childhood: superstorm sandy pregnancy study. J Affect Disord. 2018;234:335–45. [
DOI]
9. Coplan RJ, O’Neil K, Arbeau KA. Maternal anxiety during and after pregnancy and infant temperament at three months of age. Journal of Prenatal & Perinatal Psychology & Health. 2005;19(3):199–215.
10. Bhat A, Chowdayya R, Selvam S, Khan A, Kolts R, Srinivasan K. Maternal prenatal psychological distress and temperament in 1–4-month old infants – a study in a non–western population. Infant Behav Dev. 2015;39:35–41. [
DOI]
11. Meaney MJ, Bhatnagar S, Diorio J, Larocque S, Francis D, O’Donnell D, et al. Molecular basis for the development of individual differences in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal stress response. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 1993;13(4):321–47. [
DOI]
12. Blair C, Granger D, Willoughby M, Kivlighan K. Maternal sensitivity is related to hypothalamic-pituitary–adrenal axis stress reactivity and regulation in response to emotion challenge in 6–month–old infants. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006;1094(1):263–7. [
DOI]
13. Glover V. Annual Research Review: Prenatal stress and the origins of psychopathology: an evolutionary perspective: prenatal stress and the origins of psychopathology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2011;52(4):356–67. [
DOI]
14. De Pauw SSW, Mervielde I. Temperament, personality and developmental psychopathology: a review based on the conceptual dimensions underlying childhood traits. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2010;41(3):313–29. [
DOI]
15. Barker D. Fetal programming of coronary heart disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2002;13(9):364–8. [
DOI]
16. Schmid G, Schreier A, Meyer R, Wolke D. Predictors of crying, feeding and sleeping problems: a prospective study: crying, feeding and sleeping problems. Child Care Health Dev. 2011;37(4):493–502. [
DOI]
17. Martini J, Petzoldt J, Knappe S, Garthus-Niegel S, Asselmann E, Wittchen HU. Infant, maternal, and familial predictors and correlates of regulatory problems in early infancy: the differential role of infant temperament and maternal anxiety and depression. Early Hum Dev. 2017;115:23–31. [
DOI]
18. Mosaiebi S, Sepehrian Azar F. Meta–analysis of the effectiveness of psychological interventions and care practices on increasing mother–fetal and mother–infant attachment behavior. J Child Ment Health. 2018;4(4):104–16. [Persian] [
Article]
19. Hosseinian S, Yazdi SM, Alavinezhad S. The effectiveness of fetal attachment training program on maternal–fetal relationship and mental health of pregnant women. J Child Ment Health. 2016;2(4):75–88. [Persian] [
Article]
20. Strelau J. Temperament: a psychological perspective. New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1998.
21. Wood PK. Developmental models for children’s temperament: alternatives to chronometric polynomial curves. Inf Child Develop. 2011;20(2):194–212. [
DOI]
22. Partridge T, Lerner JV. A latent growth–curve approach to difficult temperament. Inf Child Develop. 2007;16(3):255–65. [
DOI]
23. Braungart-Rieker JM, Hill-Soderlund AL, Karrass J. Fear and anger reactivity trajectories from 4 to 16 months: the roles of temperament, regulation, and maternal sensitivity. Dev Psychol. 2010;46(4):791–804. [
DOI]
24. Posner MI, Rothbart MK. Developing mechanisms of self–regulation. Dev Psychopathol. 2000;12(3):427–41. [
DOI]
25. Bridgett DJ, Laake LM, Gartstein MA, Dorn D. Development of infant positive emotionality: the contribution of maternal characteristics and effects on subsequent parenting: infant positive emotion and subsequent parenting. Inf Child Dev. 2013;22(4):362–82. [
DOI]
26. Delavar A. Educational and psychological research. Tehran: Virayesh Pub; 2009.
27. Alderdice F, Lynn F. Factor structure of the Prenatal Distress Questionnaire. Midwifery. 2011;27(4):553–9. [
DOI]
28. Gartstein MA, Rothbart MK. Studying infant temperament via the Revised Infant Behavior Questionnaire. Infant Behav Dev. 2003;26(1):64–86. [
DOI]
29. Yousefi R. Psychometric properties of Persian version of Prenatal Distress Questionnaire (PDQ). Nurs Midwifery J. 2015;13(3):215–25. [Persian] [
Article]
30. Najarpourian S, Samavi SA, Asadi N. Psychometric properties of the very short form of the Children’S Behavior Guestionnare (CBQ): investigation of temperament at 3 to7 years. J Child Ment Health. 2017;4(3):165–75. [Persian] [
Article]
31. Helm Seresht P, Del Pisheh E. Parastari va behdasht madar va koodak [Nursing and maternal and child health]. Tehran: Chehr Pub; 2017. [Persian]
