Volume 11 - Articles-1400
MEJDS (2021) 11: 179 |
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Nozari M, Nejati V, Mirzaeyan B. The Effects of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy on Mind Reading, Recognizing the Expression of Emotion Faces, and the Symptoms of Depression in Individuals with Major Depressive Disorder. MEJDS 2021; 11 :179-179
URL: http://jdisabilstud.org/article-1-2169-en.html
URL: http://jdisabilstud.org/article-1-2169-en.html
1- Department of Psychology, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University
2- Department of Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University
2- Department of Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University
Abstract: (1023 Views)
Background & Objectives: Depression is among the most common and debilitating mood disorders that affect a large percentage of individuals throughout their lives. Its main symptoms are severe sadness or the inability to experience happiness and pleasure. Moreover, it affects the person's social, occupational, and other important functional aspects. Depressed individuals encounter dysfunctional interpersonal interactions and social dysfunction. Problems in the social and personal areas observed in individuals with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) partly result from their inability to interpret emotional stimuli and mental states. It is necessary to help individuals with depression solve problems related to depression, recognize the factors affecting mind reading, recognize the expression of emotion faces, and reduce MDD symptoms in them. The present study aimed to determine the effects of Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy on mind–reading through the eyes, recognizing the expression of emotion faces, and MDD symptoms.
Methods: This was a quasi–experimental study with pretest–posttest, one–month follow–up, and a control group design. The statistical population consisted of 93 women with MDD referring to outpatient government counseling centers in districts one and two education centers in Sari City, Iran, from December 2017 to June 2018. The intervention lasted from June to September 2018. The study sample consisted of 28 individuals diagnosed with MDD by a psychiatrist, referred to the researcher by the consultants of the two mentioned centers. Using the convenience sampling method, 20 subjects were selected as a sample based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. They were randomly divided into experimental and control groups (n=10/group) groups. The inclusion criteria included the age range of 25 to 50 years, a diagnosis of MDD by a psychiatrist, moderate to severe depression score based on the Beck Depression Inventory–II (BDI–II; Beck et al., 1996), and providing informed consent to participate in the study. The exclusion criteria included a history of previous treatment, the comorbidity of other mental disorders (e.g., obsessive–compulsive disorder & anxiety), brain injuries (e.g., stroke & head injury), and not using psychotropic drugs and narcotics. The necessary data were collected using BDI–II, Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET; Baron–Cohen et al., 2001), and Facial Emotion Recognition Test (Eckman and Freison, 1976). The 5–week intervention included ten 60–minute CBT weekly sessions based on the Stark et al. (1999) model. To describe the obtained data, central and dispersion indices, including mean and standard deviation and repeated–measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni post hoc test, were used in SPSS at the significance level of 0.05.
Results: The present research results suggested that the effect of time, group effect, and the interaction of time and group were significant on depressive symptoms and mind–reading (p<0.001). The impact of time and the interaction of time and group (p<0.001) and the effect of group (p=0.014) were also significant on the recognition of facial expression. Furthermore, the mean posttest scores of depressive symptoms were lower than the pretest in the experimental group (p<0.001). The mean posttest scores of mind–reading (p<0.001) and the recognition of facial expression (p<0.001) were higher than the pretest stage in the experimental group; however, there was no significant difference between the stages of the posttest and follow–up in the mean scores of depressive symptoms, mind reading, and the recognition of facial expression in the experimental group, indicating the lasting effectiveness of CBT in the follow–up phase for all study variables.
Conclusion: CBT reduces depressive symptoms and improves the ability to recognize facial expression and mind reading; thus, it can be considered as one of the effective interventions for treating MDD.
Methods: This was a quasi–experimental study with pretest–posttest, one–month follow–up, and a control group design. The statistical population consisted of 93 women with MDD referring to outpatient government counseling centers in districts one and two education centers in Sari City, Iran, from December 2017 to June 2018. The intervention lasted from June to September 2018. The study sample consisted of 28 individuals diagnosed with MDD by a psychiatrist, referred to the researcher by the consultants of the two mentioned centers. Using the convenience sampling method, 20 subjects were selected as a sample based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. They were randomly divided into experimental and control groups (n=10/group) groups. The inclusion criteria included the age range of 25 to 50 years, a diagnosis of MDD by a psychiatrist, moderate to severe depression score based on the Beck Depression Inventory–II (BDI–II; Beck et al., 1996), and providing informed consent to participate in the study. The exclusion criteria included a history of previous treatment, the comorbidity of other mental disorders (e.g., obsessive–compulsive disorder & anxiety), brain injuries (e.g., stroke & head injury), and not using psychotropic drugs and narcotics. The necessary data were collected using BDI–II, Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET; Baron–Cohen et al., 2001), and Facial Emotion Recognition Test (Eckman and Freison, 1976). The 5–week intervention included ten 60–minute CBT weekly sessions based on the Stark et al. (1999) model. To describe the obtained data, central and dispersion indices, including mean and standard deviation and repeated–measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni post hoc test, were used in SPSS at the significance level of 0.05.
Results: The present research results suggested that the effect of time, group effect, and the interaction of time and group were significant on depressive symptoms and mind–reading (p<0.001). The impact of time and the interaction of time and group (p<0.001) and the effect of group (p=0.014) were also significant on the recognition of facial expression. Furthermore, the mean posttest scores of depressive symptoms were lower than the pretest in the experimental group (p<0.001). The mean posttest scores of mind–reading (p<0.001) and the recognition of facial expression (p<0.001) were higher than the pretest stage in the experimental group; however, there was no significant difference between the stages of the posttest and follow–up in the mean scores of depressive symptoms, mind reading, and the recognition of facial expression in the experimental group, indicating the lasting effectiveness of CBT in the follow–up phase for all study variables.
Conclusion: CBT reduces depressive symptoms and improves the ability to recognize facial expression and mind reading; thus, it can be considered as one of the effective interventions for treating MDD.
Type of Study: Original Research Article |
Subject:
Psychology
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